Apparatus and methods for handling materials in a 3-D printer

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed towards methods and apparatus for handling powder in a 3D printer. The invention includes a means of transporting powder from multiple sources to a powder dispensing apparatus with minimal user intervention, thus reducing contamination of the 3D printer and surrounding area with loose powder, while also providing a means of improving the recycling of powder for re-use.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/808,721, filed on May 26, 2006, theentire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.This application also incorporates herein by reference three U.S. patentapplications filed of even date herewith and identified by AttorneyDocket Nos. ZCO-116A, ZCO-116B, and ZCO-116C.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of 3D printers andin particular to powder and waste handling systems therefor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Generally, 3D printing involves the use of an inkjet type printhead todeliver a liquid or colloidal binder material to layers of a powderedbuild material. The printing technique involves applying a layer of apowdered build material to a surface typically using a roller. After thebuild material is applied to the surface, the printhead delivers theliquid binder to predetermined areas of the layer of material. Thebinder infiltrates the material and reacts with the powder, causing thelayer to solidify in the printed areas by, for example, activating anadhesive in the powder. The binder also penetrates into the underlyinglayers, producing interlayer bonding. After the first cross-sectionalportion is formed, the previous steps are repeated, building successivecross-sectional portions until the final object is formed. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,375,874 and 6,416,850, the disclosures ofwhich are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Apparatus for carrying out 3D printing typically generate dust, whichcan detrimentally effect the operation of the printheads. For example,the dust can clog the jet nozzles that dispense the binder material,which can result in no binder material being dispensed or the bindermaterial being dispensed inaccurately.

Powder handling and powder and dust management are major problems in 3Dprinting. Loading powder into the feed piston generally involves liftinga heavy bucket of powder and pouring it in. This always causes a largedust cloud and often results in a lot of powder being spilled. Theprinting process also stirs up a lot of dust by spreading powder anddumping it into an overflow container. Once the part is printed, theunprinted powder must be removed from the build box in a process that istedious and often very messy. The overflow container must be emptiedback into the feed piston and this also involves lifting a heavycontainer, pouring powder out of the container, and the generation of adust cloud, and often, spilled powder. Depowdering the part after it hasbeen printed creates additional problems. Because of cost, most userswant to recycle the powder removed from the part. Currently, thisinvolves removing a vacuum bag from a vacuum cleaner, tearing it open,and pouring the powder into the feed piston. A sifting step is usuallyrequired, because broken pieces of a printed part may be vacuumed up.Both of these processes are extremely messy and get powder on the user,the floor, and the machine, and create dust clouds.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provideapparatus and methods for automatically handling powder throughout a 3Dprinter system to reduce waste and minimize contamination of the systemand surrounding area from loose powder.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an apparatus for handling powder and othermaterials in a 3D printer and provides a means for automaticallyloading, applying, recovering, and filtering powder used in 3D printing.As a result, the efficiency of the 3D printing system can be improved,the waste generated by the process can be minimized, and contaminationof the printer and surrounding area from escaped or spilled powder canbe substantially reduced.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a powder handling system for athree-dimensional printer. The system can include a plurality of powderholding receptacles and a vacuum source coupled to the plurality ofpowder holding receptacles. The vacuum source transfers powder betweenthe powder holding receptacles. In one embodiment, the system includes amultiport valve in fluidic communication with the plurality of powderholding receptacles and the vacuum source. The vacuum source transferspowder between the powder holding receptacles through the valve. Thevalve can be used to selectively connect the vacuum source to aparticular powder holding receptacle or to isolate one or more powderholding receptacles from the vacuum source. The valve can be manually orautomatically actuated.

In various embodiments, the powder holding receptacles can be at leastpartially disposed on or integrally assembled with the three-dimensionalprinter. In addition, the system can include an external powder source.The external powder source can be coupled to the vacuum source through,for example, the multiport valve. The powder holding receptacles caninclude a build chamber, a work space volume, a dispensing hopper, adepowdering chamber, and forward and rear overflow cavities. In oneembodiment, the work space volume is the area located above the worksurface of the printer, which is typically enclosed by a cover. Thisvolume can be in fluidic communication with the vacuum source through avent disposed within, for example, an overflow cavity or the worksurface. In one embodiment, the system includes a filtration systemdisposed between the vacuum source and the plurality of powder holdingreceptacles. In addition, the system can include a pressure source forfurther assisting the transfer of powder between the powder holdingreceptacles. Furthermore, the vacuum system can operate on multiplespeeds (i.e., high and low) and can be continuously operated at, forexample, low speed to remove powder dust from the system between powdertransfers.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a three-dimensional printerthat includes a powder dispensing hopper, a build chamber for receivingpowder, at least one printhead for selectively applying binder to alayer of powder in the build chamber, and a vacuum source coupled to thedispensing hopper and the build chamber. The vacuum source can transferpowder between the dispensing hopper and the build chamber. In oneembodiment, the printer can include a multiport valve in fluidiccommunication with the dispensing hopper, the build chamber, and thevacuum source. The vacuum source can transfer powder between thedispensing hopper and the build chamber through the valve. The printercan include at least one overflow cavity coupled to the vacuum source.The vacuum source can transfer powder from the at least one overflowcavity through the valve to, for example, the dispensing hopper. In oneembodiment, the vacuum source can be used to draw powder from any numberof holding receptacles (e.g., build chamber, overflow cavity, etc.) tothe dispensing hopper to refill the hopper.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of providing powderto a three-dimensional printer from multiple sources. The methodincludes the steps of providing a plurality of powder holdingreceptacles, the plurality of powder holding receptacles including atleast one powder dispensing hopper adapted to be coupled to thethree-dimensional printer, coupling the plurality of powder holdingreceptacles to a vacuum source, and transferring powder between thepowder holding receptacles with the vacuum source.

In one embodiment, the method can include the step of providing amultiport valve between the vacuum source and the plurality of powderholding receptacles for selectively connecting the vacuum source to thepowder holding receptacles. The method can further include the step ofactuating the valve to selectively transfer powder to the powderdispensing hopper from one of the plurality of powder holdingreceptacles. The method can further include the step of providing afiltration system between the vacuum source and the plurality of powderholding receptacles.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a container for holdingpowder for a three-dimensional printer. The container includes areceptacle defining an interior volume adapted for holding a powder forproducing three-dimensional objects and a cover coupled to thereceptacle and at least partially enclosing the interior volume of thereceptacle. The cover can include an outlet in fluidic communicationwith the interior volume, the outlet adapted to be coupled to a vacuumsource of the three-dimensional printer, and at least one inlet incommunication with the interior volume and adapted for passing air intothe interior volume. The inlet can be at least partially defined by thereceptacle and/or the cover.

In various embodiments, the air passing through the inlet assists themovement of the powder through the outlet by, for example, “sweeping”the powder down the sides of the receptacle and towards the outlet. Inone embodiment, the internal volume has a generally conical shape;however, other shapes are contemplated and within the scope of theclaims, for example frusto-conical, elliptical and any othercombinations of polygonal and arcuate shapes. In one embodiment, theinternal volume of the receptacle has an elliptical cross-sectionalshape. Further, the outlet can include a tubular member extendingdownwardly from the cover to proximate a bottom region of the internalvolume. Additionally, the inlet can be an annular slot and the outletcan include a fitting, for example a quick-disconnect type fitting,configured to mate with a hose. In one embodiment, the container caninclude a housing disposed about the receptacle. The housing can beconfigured for stacking with other like containers.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a build chamber for use in athree-dimensional printer and adapted for receiving powder for producingthree-dimensional objects. The chamber includes a build surface forreceiving the powder. The build surface includes a first plate defininga plurality of spaced apart openings having a pitch and a second platedefining a plurality of openings spaced apart and offset from theplurality of holes in the first plate by approximately 50% of the pitchof the plurality of holes in the first plate. The pitch corresponds tothe space between proximate edges of adjacent openings and isapproximately equal to 2(space between the plates)(cotangent of an angleof repose of the powder)+(diameter of holes). The second plate isdisposed below and spaced from the first plate.

In various embodiments, the chamber includes at least one wall at leastpartially circumscribing the build surface and at least partiallydefining the chamber, a piston disposed below the build surface andadapted to the build chamber to move the build surface verticallyrelative to the at least one wall, and an outlet coupled to the buildchamber and disposed below the build chamber for removing unbound powderfrom the build chamber when a vacuum is applied. The build chamber canalso include a cover disposable above the at least one wall to at leastpartially isolate the chamber from its environment. The cover mayinclude a seal to reduce or prevent the ingress of air when the vacuumis applied. In one embodiment, the outlet is located in a plenumdisposed below the build surface. The outlet can be coupled to a vacuumsource to draw unbound powder out of the build chamber through the buildsurface. In addition, the first plate and the second plate of the buildsurface are interchangeable with plates adapted for differing angles ofrepose, for example different size openings and different pitchesbetween openings. In an alternative embodiment, the build surface caninclude more that two plates. The build surface can include one or morespacers disposed between the first plate and the second plate tomaintain a fixed spacing between the plates, and the first plate and thesecond plate of the build surface are movable relative to one another.For example, one or both plates can be moved vertically to vary thespacing therebetween and/or horizontally to vary the offset of theholes. Spacers of differing sizes can be used to vary the spacingbetween the plates. In one embodiment, the build chamber includes avacuum source coupled to the outlet for fluidizing the powder. Inaddition, the build chamber can include a mechanism for transferringvibration to at least a portion of the build chamber, for example thebuild surface.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of controlling theflow of unbound powder in a build chamber. The method includes the stepsof providing a build surface for receiving the powder and providing avacuum source below the build surface. The build surface includes afirst plate defining a plurality of spaced apart openings having a pitchand a second plate defining a plurality of openings spaced apart andoffset from the plurality of holes in the first plate by approximately50% of the pitch of the plurality of holes in the first plate. The pitchcorresponds to the space between proximate edges of adjacent openingsand is approximately equal to 2(space between the plates)(cotangent ofan angle of repose of the powder)+(diameter of holes). The second plateis disposed below and spaced from the first plate.

In various embodiments, the method includes the step of maintainingambient pressure within the build chamber to prevent flow of powderthrough the build surface. The method may also include the steps ofactivating the vacuum source to create a vacuum beneath the buildsurface to cause the powder to flow through the first and second plates,vibrating the build surface to promote flow of unbound powder, andvarying the space between the first plate and the second plate toaccommodate powders having different angles of repose. Furthermore, thebuild chamber can include a plenum disposed below the build surface forcoupling the vacuum source to the build chamber. The plenum can includean outlet for removing unbound powder from the build chamber when thevacuum source is activated. In one embodiment, the build chamberincludes at least one wall at least partially circumscribing the buildsurface and at least partially defining the chamber and a pistondisposed below the build surface and adapted to the build chamber tomove the build surface vertically relative to the at least one wall. Atleast one of the first plate and the second plate can be interchangeablewith plates adapted for differing angles of repose

In another aspect, the invention relates to a powder dispensing hopperfor providing powder to a three-dimensional printer. The hopper includesa chamber defined by the hopper for receiving powder and a dispensingmechanism at least partially disposed within the chamber. The hopper canbe disposed relative to a build surface on the three-dimensionalprinter. The chamber defines at least one outlet sized and arranged topass a predetermined amount of powder therethrough and the dispensingmechanism is adapted to push powder through the at least one outlet. Theoutlet is sized relative to the powder to be dispensed such thatsubstantially no powder passes through the outlet without the dispensingmechanism providing a positive force on the powder proximate the outlet.

In various embodiments, the at least one outlet includes a plurality ofslots oriented longitudinally along a lowest surface of the chamber. Thewidth of the outlet can vary along the length of the outlet to, forexample, deposit more or less powder at specific locations along theoutlet. Additionally or alternatively, the length of the outlet can beadjusted to correspond to different size build surfaces. The hopper caninclude a cover for opening and closing the at least one outlet. In oneembodiment, the dispensing mechanism is adapted to automatically pushpowder through the at least one outlet at predetermined intervals. Inaddition, the dispensing mechanism can include a plurality of bladesspaced about a radial axis oriented parallel to the at least oneopening, the blades coupled to a rotary mechanism for rotating theblades proximate the at least one outlet to push the powder out of theat least one outlet. In one embodiment, the position of the dispensingmechanism can be varied relative to the outlet to, for example,accommodate powders having different particle sizes.

Furthermore, the chamber can define an inlet disposed proximate a topportion of the chamber for receiving powder. The chamber can be coupledto a vacuum source for drawing powder into the chamber though the inletfrom a remote source. The inlet can include a diffuser for dispersingthe powder entering the chamber. The shape and size of the diffuser willvary to suit a particular application. The hopper can also include afiltering system disposed between the inlet and the vacuum source.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a filter system for use in apowder transfer system of a three-dimensional printer. The systemincludes a filter adapted for air flow in two directions and having atleast two sides and a plenum disposed on one side of the filter. Theplenum is segmented and sealed against the side of the filter to isolateportions of the filter from one another. The plenum is adapted to exposethe individual filter portions to at least one of a vacuum and apositive pressure. In one embodiment, the positive pressure isatmosphere. The plenum can be segmented into essentially any number ofsegments, for example, two, four, or eight segments.

In various embodiments, each plenum segment includes a valve forconnecting an associated filter portion to a vacuum source for drawingair carrying powder through the filter, the filter preventing the powderfrom passing therethrough. In addition, the valves can be adapted toconnect the associated filter portion to a positive pressure. In oneembodiment, the valves can be two-way, three-position type valves, suchthat a single valve assembly can be used to shift between vacuum andpositive pressure in communication with the filter portion. In oneembodiment, the filter portions are alternately exposed to the vacuumsource and the positive pressure. Additionally, the filter portion canbe alternately exposed to the vacuum source and the positive pressuresequentially. Further, the system can be adapted for mounting to aninlet of a powder dispensing hopper. The filter can be coated with anabrasion resistant material to reduce filter damage from exposure to thepowder.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a multiport valve for use ina powder transfer system of a three-dimensional printer. The valveincludes a first portion defining a port radially disposed a fixeddistance from a central point and a second portion coupled to the firstportion at the central point. The second portion is rotatable relativeto the first portion and defines a plurality of ports. The plurality ofports are radially disposed about the central point from the same fixeddistance as the port on the first portion, so that each port isalignable with the port in the first portion when the second portion isrotated to a set position, thereby enabling flow therebetween.

In various embodiments, the second portion can be rotated relative tothe first portion by a motor and gear assembly. The second portion canbe automatically rotated relative to the first portion in response to asignal. In one embodiment, the valve includes at least one stop to limitrotational travel of the second portion relative to the first portion.The valve can also include a seal disposed between the first portion andthe second portion, where the first portion and the second portion arebiased into contact with the seal disposed therebetween.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a printhead capping stationfor use in a three-dimensional printer. The capping station includes aprinthead cap carrier and at least one printhead cap disposed on thecarrier for sealing a printhead face of a printhead. The carriermaintains the cap in a vertical position relative to the printhead facein a neutral position, i.e., not in contact with the printhead or aprinthead carriage. The cap is moved between an off or neutral positionand a capped position by at least one of the printhead and the printheadcarriage contacting the carrier.

In various embodiments, the capping station includes a plurality of capsdisposed on the carrier. The plurality of caps may be spaced to alignwith a plurality of printheads in a carriage. In one embodiment, thecarrier includes a fixed support, a movable support, and an actuator tabfor contacting at least one of the printhead and the printhead carriage.Forward movement of at least one of the printhead and the printheadcarriage into contact with the actuator tab causes the movable supportto pivot relative to the fixed support, thereby orienting the cap into ahorizontal position relative to the printhead face. Continued movementof at least one of the printhead and the printhead carriage causes thecap to seal against the printhead face. Further, the capping station caninclude a stop adapted for preventing continued forward movement of theprinthead once capped. In one embodiment, the printhead cap is made of acompliant material that can expand and contract in response to a changein pressure when capping the printhead face (e.g., an increase inpressure may occur when the cap interfaces with the printhead face),thereby obviating the need for a vent in the cap. In one embodiment, thecapping station uses a four-bar linkage for moving the cap between thevertical position and the horizontal position.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a waste handling system fora three-dimensional printer. The system includes a receptacle forreceiving printhead discharge material, a holding receptacle incommunication with the receiving receptacle, and a drain for channelingthe printhead discharge material to the holding receptacle. The holdingreceptacle can include an absorptive medium adapted to absorb at least aportion of the printhead discharge material, where at least a portion ofthe printhead discharge material solidifies within the holdingreceptacle.

In various embodiments, the holding receptacle is adapted to promoteevaporation of at least a portion of the printhead discharge material.The system, for example the holding receptacle, can include an airtransfer system for accelerating a rate of evaporation of the at least aportion of the printhead discharge material. The air transfer system canuse waste heat from the three-dimensional printer to accelerate the rateof evaporation. In one embodiment, the absorptive medium is removablydisposed within the holding receptacle for easy disposal and replacementwith a fresh absorptive medium. Alternatively or additionally, theholding receptacle can be a disposable component.

In another aspect, the invention relates to an electrical connectionsystem for printheads in a three-dimensional printer. The connectionsystem includes a base plate for connecting the system to a signalsource, the base plate comprising a plurality of solder pads disposed ina set pattern, a connector mounted to the base plate and adapted forproviding a signal to a printhead, the connector defining a plurality ofstepped through holes oriented in the connector to correspond with thesolder pads, and a plurality of pogo pins selectively disposed withinthe stepped through holes of the connector, the pogo pins supplyingsignals to the printheads from the signal source. The signal can provideat least one of power and instructions to the printhead. In oneembodiment, the system includes a seal disposed between the connectorand the base plate to prevent ingress of contamination.

These and other objects, along with advantages and features of thepresent invention herein disclosed, will become apparent throughreference to the following description and the accompanying drawings.Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the variousembodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist invarious combinations and permutations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the invention. In the followingdescription, various embodiments of the present invention are describedwith reference to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a 3D printer and accompanying powderhandling system, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2A is a schematic perspective view of a powder container for usewith a 3D printer, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2B is a schematic side view of the powder container of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is a schematic side view illustrating the air flow through thepowder container of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a schematic plan view of a build surface including a chokeplate placed within a build chamber, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 3B is a schematic side view of a build surface including a twolevel choke plate and plenum, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 3C is a schematic side view of one section of the build surface ofFIG. 3B with the air flow valve closed;

FIG. 4A is a schematic perspective view of a dispensing hopper, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4B is a schematic perspective view of a slot plate for use with adispensing hopper, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4C is a schematic perspective view of a rotating blade arrangementfor use in a dispensing hopper, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 4D is a schematic perspective view of an alternative rotating bladearrangement, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5A is a schematic perspective view of a dispensing hopper withinternal diffuser, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5B is a schematic perspective view of a segmented powder filter forplacement on a dispensing hopper, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 5C is a schematic perspective view of a segmented plenum for asegmented powder filter, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 5D is a schematic perspective view of an actuation method for thesegmented plenum of FIG. 5C;

FIG. 5E is an alternative view of the actuation method of FIG. 5D, withthe plenum divider and gear not shown for clarity;

FIG. 5F is a schematic bottom view of a diffuser in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention, for use in the dispensing hopper of FIG.5A;

FIG. 5G is a schematic cross-sectional view of the diffuser of FIG. 5Ftaken at line 5G-5G of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A is a schematic perspective view of a valve assembly for a powderhandling system, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6B is a schematic side view of the valve assembly of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A is a schematic side view of a cap assembly in a vertical storageposition, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7B is a schematic perspective view of the cap assembly of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 7C is a schematic side view of the cap assembly of FIG. 7A in ahorizontal capping position, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 7D is a schematic side view of the cap assembly of FIG. 7C incontact with a printhead, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 7E is a schematic perspective view of a standard printer capcompared to a printer cap for the cap assembly of FIG. 7A, in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7F is a schematic side view of the standard printer cap and theprinter cap for the cap assembly of FIG. 7A, as shown in FIG. 7E;

FIG. 8A is a schematic side view of a waste collector unit with ahorizontally placed absorptive medium, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 8B is a schematic side view of a waste collector unit with avertically placed absorptive medium, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 9A is an exploded perspective view of a pogo PC board for a 3Dprinter, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9B is a schematic sectional side view of the pogo base of FIG. 9A,in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 9C is a schematic perspective view of the pogo PC board of FIG. 9Ain an assembled configuration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The systems and components described herein can be used with various 3Dprinters and related apparatus, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,902,441, U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,318, U.S. Patent Application No.2002/0079601, U.S. Patent Application No. 2004/0012112, U.S. PatentApplication No. 2004/0265413, U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0280185,U.S. Patent Application No. 2006/0061613, and U.S. Patent ApplicationNo. 2006/0061318, the entire disclosures of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment of the invention, a pneumatic means of handling powderis provided, allowing the powder to be transferred from one location toanother within the 3D printer system automatically and quickly withminimal or substantially no loss of powder or contamination of theprinter and/or surrounding environment. A schematic diagram showingelements of this configuration can be seen in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 shows a powder handling system 100 for a 3D printer. The 3Dprinter includes a build chamber 110, where the 3D object is created,and at least one overflow chamber 120 to collect excess powder usedduring printing. In some embodiments, the overflow chamber 120 islocated adjacent to the build chamber. In some embodiments, the system100 includes two overflow chambers 120, 120′, a forward overflow chamber120 and a rear overflow chamber 120′. Powder for use in the 3D printeris contained within a dispensing hopper 400. The powder is dispensed 125from the dispensing hopper 400 onto a gantry 130 or work surface of theprinter through a slot at the bottom of the hopper 400. The gantry 130can then spread the powder across the build platform in the same manneras with the 3D printers disclosed herein. The dispensing hopper 400 canbe loaded automatically from the powder handling system 100 withoutexposing the user or environment to powder or dust. A waste collectorunit 800 can be used to collect any liquid waste produced during theprinting process. Any liquid waste collected by the waste collector unit800 can then be channeled into a container 140, either with or withoutprocessing and/or filtering, for removal.

In one embodiment, binder liquid is applied by a moveable gantry 130suspended over the build table, including the build chamber 110 and theoverflow chambers 120, 120′. The gantry 130 can also include a spreaderfor transferring build material from the dispensing hopper 400 to thebuild table to create incremental layers. The gantry 130 can alsoinclude binder jets in at least one binder cartridge, each binder jetbeing coupled to a supply of binder to selectively deposit binder on thelayers of build material. In an alternative embodiment, the dispensinghopper 400 can dispense powder directly onto the build table forspreading.

In one embodiment of the invention, the powder handling system 100 caninclude a pneumatic system to move powder from one location to anotherwithin the system 100. In this embodiment, a vacuum source 150, such asa blower motor, can be connected to the dispensing hopper 400 to createa negative pressure inside the system.

As a result, air, and any powder or dust suspended within the air, willbe sucked into the dispensing hopper 400 through its inlet portion 510.The powder can enter the dispensing hopper 400 through a hose 170. Thehose 170 can be connected to an optional valve assembly 600 that allowspowder to be drawn into the hose 170 from multiple sources. Any debriscarried within the powder can be prevented from entering the dispensinghopper 400 by a screen or “chunk separator” 180.

A powder filter assembly 500 is used to separate the powder entering thedispensing hopper 400 through the hose 170 from the air. As a result,all powder entering the dispensing hopper 400 is held in the hopper 400for use in the 3D printer. The filtered air, free of powder, travels onto the vacuum source 150 and can then be vented out into the atmosphere,or in some embodiments utilized for other purposes within the 3D printersystem.

Powder for the dispensing hopper 400 can be provided from multiplelocations, with the valve 600 used to switch the airflow path from onepowder source to another. In the powder handling system 100 of FIG. 1,powder can enter the valve from the build chamber 110, the overflowchambers 120, 120′, a depowdering chamber 190, or a powder container200. A vent 195 in the side of the overflow chamber 120, collecting dustand powder from the work space, can also provide a further source ofpowder during operation of the 3D printer.

During operation of the 3D printer, excess powder from the build chamber110 drops into one or both of the overflow chambers 120, 120′. Duringthe build, the vacuum source 150 can be run at a low speed to create anairflow from the vent 195, through the valve 600, and thus into thedispensing hopper 400. This does not fully eliminate the creation ofdust during operation, but can significantly reduce the spread anddeposition of powder dust in the machine and surrounding area. With theinlet of the vent 195 placed inside the overflow chamber 120, forexample near the top, dust deposition can be greatly reduced. This isdue to the cloud of dust generated when the powder hitting the bottom ofthe overflow chamber 120, or the previously deposited powder in theoverflow chamber 120 being sucked into the airflow and into thedispensing hopper 400 before it can escape from the overflow chamber120.

After a print job is completed, the powder valve 600 can be actuated toallow the airflow to travel from the other sources of powder to refillthe dispensing hopper 400 and recycle any excess powder used in theprior run. For example, the valve 600 can open the airflow from thebuild chamber 110, allowing the unprinted powder in the build chamber110 to be removed and returned to the dispensing hopper 400, withoutuser intervention. In one embodiment of the invention, a build surface300 including choke plates is placed in the bottom of the build chamber110. These choke plates can stop any powder falling through the bottomof the build chamber 110 during a build run, but then allow the excess,unprinted powder to be sucked out through the bottom of the buildchamber 110 and into the dispensing hopper 400 when the valve 600 opensthe airflow path from the blower and applies a negative pressure to thebottom of the build surface 300.

The valve 600 can also open an airflow path from the overflow chambers120, 120′ to the dispensing hopper 400 via the overflow chamber outlets121, 121′. As shown in FIG. 1, the overflow chamber outlets 121, 121′are connected to a single port of the valve; however, each outlet 121,121′ can be connected to a separate port on the valve 600. After a printjob, the excess powder collected in the overflow chambers 120, 120′during operation can be removed from the overflow chambers 120, 120′automatically and returned to the dispensing hopper 400 to be reused.Additionally or alternatively (e.g., where no vent 195 is supplied), thevacuum source 150 can be run at low speed to create an airflow from theoverflow chamber outlets 121, 121′, through the valve 600, to removepowder dust from the system.

In an alternative embodiment, the valve 600 may allow airflow to thedispensing hopper 400 from multiple locations at once. In a furtheralternative embodiment, the valve 600 can be replaced by a number ofseparate valves that may control the airflow from each source to thedispensing hopper 400 separately.

In some embodiments of a 3D printer, once a completed part has beenremoved from the build chamber it can be placed in a depowdering chamber190 to remove any remaining loose powder from the part. The depowderingchamber 190 may include a screen above a funnel shaped container whichis also plumbed to the valve 600, such that any excess powder cleanedfrom the part can be sucked back to the dispensing hopper 400 forrecycling. In an alternative embodiment, the final depowdering can becarried out within the build chamber itself, with the loose powder beingsucked through the choke plates of the build surface 300 and back to thedispensing hopper 400.

Once all the available excess powder has been recycled from the variousparts of the 3D printer, additional powder can be added to thedispensing hopper 400 by connecting a powder container 200 to the valve600. The powder container 200 can then be used to top off the dispensinghopper 400 so that sufficient powder is in the dispensing hopper 400 tostart a new print run. It should be noted that the valve 600 may beconnected to any number of powder sources, including all or some ofthose listed above, and may either be manually actuated to provide anairflow from a given source to the dispensing hopper 400, or beautomatically controlled to provide an airflow to a number of individualsources in any given order.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the powder container 200can be connected directly to the dispensing hopper 400 through the hose170, without the need for the valve 600. In a further alternativeembodiment, any one or more of the sources of powder may be connecteddirectly to the dispensing hopper 400 through the hose 170, without theneed for the valve 600. In such an embodiment, powder may be transferredfrom multiple locations at once, with powder being entrained both fromsources connected directly to the hose 170 and from sources coupled tothe valve 600. Alternatively, the valve 600 may be shut off or removedcompletely, so that only sources connected directly to the hose 170 maybe used to supply powder to the dispensing hopper 400.

This system, therefore, provides a means of recycling unused powder froma number of locations within the 3D printer automatically with little orno user input required. The valve 600 and blower 150 can be controlledby a PC or other interface, allowing the powder handling system 100 toeither run automatically according to a preset program, or be actuatedremotely through inputs provided by a user. During use, the powderhandling system 100 can be used to reduce the creation of dust bysucking excess powder up through the vent 195 connected to the overflowchamber 120. In alternative embodiments, further vents, or differentlylocated vents, may be utilized to further collect any excess powder dustand thus reduce the contamination of the 3D printer and surroundingenvironment during operation.

Upon completion of a given build, excess powder can be removed from thevarious parts of the 3D printer through the powder handling system 100,thus allowing the maximum amount of powder to be recycled, whilecleaning the 3D printer without the need for direct intervention by anoperator. This can greatly reduce the amount of powder and dust escapingand possibly contaminating the 3D printer parts and surroundingenvironment, while also reducing the time required to maintain and cleanthe 3D printer between runs. By more effectively recovering andrecycling excess powder, and reducing cleaning and maintenancerequirements for the operator, the powder handling system 100 can,therefore, significantly improve the efficiency of a 3D printer, whilealso reducing the costs involved with running such a printer.

In one embodiment of the invention, powder for the 3D printer can beprovided by the powder container 200, an example of which is shown inFIGS. 2A to 2C. In this embodiment, the powder container 200 can beconnected by an air hose 210 to the valve 600 of the powder handlingsystem 100 (or be connected directly to the hose 170 as describedabove), allowing the powder to be automatically transferred into thedispensing hopper 400, with minimum effort by a user.

The powder container 200 can be shipped and stored with a safety cap 205covering a vacuum hose connection 220 and a vent 230. Once the safetycap has been removed, the vacuum air hose 210 can be coupled to thevacuum hose connection 220 to allow the powder handling system 100 tocollect powder when the vacuum source 150 is turned on and the valve 600is correctly positioned. Alternatively, the vacuum hose connection 220can be connected directly to the hose 170, as described above.

The powder container 200 can include a lid 240 and a conical side wall250 attached thereto. The side wall 250 may, in one embodiment, form aconical shape with a circular or elliptical cross-section, although anyappropriate cross-sectional shape may be utilized. An ellipticalcross-sectional shape is desirable, because the shape may reduce oreliminate the tendency of the powder to bridge. When the safety cap isplaced on the powder container 200, no air is able to enter or exit thecontainer 200. Upon removal of the safety cap, air may enter theinterior of the container 200 through a vent 230 housed within the lid240, and exit through an internal nozzle 260 placed within the center ofthe container 200 and attached to the vacuum hose connection 220. Anouter wall or housing 290 may also be included to allow the powdercontainer 200 to be stacked easily. In one embodiment, the powdercontainer 200 and its related components can be manufactured from a highdensity polyethylene by, for example, injection molding.

In use, air flows in through the vent 230 and enters the powder holdingarea 270 of the container 200 through an annular slot 280 at the outeredge of the lid 240. The air then travels down the side wall 250 of thepowder holding area 270, encouraging the powder to flow down to thebottom of the powder holding area 270 and into the internal nozzle 260.The powder is then entrained into the air and ascends through theinternal nozzle 260 and into the powder handling system 100. FIG. 2Cshows the path of the air flow though the powder container 200 when theair hose 210 is coupled to the vacuum hose connection 220 and the vacuumsource 150 is turned on. As can be seen, air from the surroundingatmosphere enters the container 200 through the vent 230 and exitsthrough the air hose 210 (or exits directly into the hose 170, asdescribed above). The conical geometry of the powder holding area 270assists the powder flow down towards the bottom of the internal nozzle260, and makes sure all available powder is entrained by the powderhandling system 100.

In an alternative embodiment, a vent, or multiple vents, may be placedat different locations on the powder container 200, and may be coveredby separate safety caps. In a further alternative embodiment, the vacuumhose connection 220 may include a quick disconnect hose fitting thatautomatically seals when the hose is disconnected and opens when thehose is connected (also opening the vent or vents). In this embodiment,the safety cap would not be needed.

An apparatus for automatically gross depowdering 3D printed parts may beincluded within the build chamber 110. Generally, this apparatusconsists of a build piston made up of a plenum plumbed to a vacuumsource and covered with a plate with a sparse pattern of small holes init, known as a choke plate. Many powders have flow properties whichallow them to bridge over the holes at ambient pressure so that a partcan be 3D printed in the same manner as with a solid build piston. Afterprinting, the vacuum source can be activated, dropping the pressurebelow the build plate to below atmospheric pressure, and forcing thepowder to flow through the holes in the choke plate and thus partiallydepowdering the 3D printed part.

Some powders, however, such as fine dry sand, glass beads, or zp® 130powder (available from Z Corporation) that have been vacuum recycledenough to remove all the fines, flow so easily that they can fallthrough the holes in the choke plate during a 3D printing process. Someflow so easily that the 3D printing process cannot be started becausethe bed preparation process fails due to flow through the choke plate.An example choke plate can be seen in FIG. 3A.

In one embodiment of the invention, the bottom surface 300 of the buildchamber 110 can utilize a choke plate arrangement including multiplechoke plates to provide a means of removing excess powder from the buildchamber 110 upon completion of a build run. An example build surface 300including choke plates 320, 330 and funnel 310 (or plenum) can be seenin FIGS. 3A and 3B. This gross depowdering allows the majority of theexcess powder to be removed from the build chamber before the 3D printedpart is removed, allowing the part to be removed easily from the buildchamber for final depowdering.

During operation, a piston can lower the build surface 300 within thebuild chamber to allow the 3D part to be formed within the chamber, asdisclosed in the previously mentioned patents and patent applications.The piston may be connected to the underside of the plenum/funnel 310 bya mount 315. In one embodiment, the plenum 310 is manufactured from apolymeric material, such as Noryl® PX 1391, a polyphenylene etherpolystyrene blend available from the GE Company.

By using a build surface 300 with two or more separate choke plateshorizontally and vertically offset from each other, the presentinvention can overcome the failings of the prior art and provide apassive system that prevents any and all powder flow into the plenumduring the printing process, while still allowing the powder to flowduring the depowdering process, when a negative pressure is introducedbelow the choke plate. An example of the build surface 300 and plenum310 can be seen in FIGS. 3B and 3C.

In this embodiment, the build surface 300 includes an upper choke plate320 and a lower choke plate 330 separated by a vertical gap 340. In oneembodiment, the vertical gap 340 is maintained by the use of spacers345. In addition, the choke plates 320, 330 can be secured to each otherby mechanical fasteners 347. The hole pattern in the upper choke plate320 is offset horizontally from the hole pattern in the lower chokeplate 330 so that none of the holes 350 in either plate line upvertically. For example, for uniformly spaced holes the preferred offsetis approximately half the pitch between consecutive holes. It should benoted that in certain embodiments the holes need not be uniformlyspaced, but rather can be spaced in any appropriate pattern to providethe required spacing for use of the system. In one embodiment, the chokeplates are manufactured from stainless steel.

The vertical gap 340 should be small enough so that the angle betweenthe edge of the hole in the upper choke plate 320 and the edge of thecorresponding hole in the lower choke plate 330 is larger than the angleof repose 370 of the powder being used. It should be noted that “angleof repose” is an engineering property of interest for particulatesolids. When bulk particles are poured onto a horizontal surface, aconical pile will form. The angle between the edge of the pile and thehorizontal surface is known as the angle of repose and is related to thedensity, surface area, and coefficient of friction of the material.Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than materialwith a high angle of repose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the height of the vertical gap 340can be adjusted to ease in the removal of powder or adapt the buildsurface 300 for use with different powders. This adjustment may eitherbe carried out manually (e.g., using spacers of varying heights) orautomatically by a motor and/or piston arrangement connected to thebuild surface.

The vertical gap 340 should be sufficiently larger than the largestdesired particle size of the powder to allow the powder to flow easilybetween the upper choke plate 320 and the lower choke plate 330 duringoperation. The plenum 310 is placed below the build surface 300 andattached to a vacuum hose connection 380. An air hose can then becoupled to the vacuum hose connection 380 and lead to the valve 600. Anegative pressure can, therefore, be created within the plenum 310 byopening the valve 600 and turning on the vacuum source 150.

In operation, the build surface 300 forms the bottom of the buildchamber 110. During operation of the 3D printer, the valve 600 isclosed, allowing the powder 360 to settle on the upper choke plate 320.As can be seen from FIG. 3C, the powder 360 may flow through the holes350 in the upper choke plate 320 and settle in a conical pile within thevertical gap 340 with a set angle of repose 370. As the lower chokeplate 330 is sufficiently offset from the upper choke plate 320, thepowder 360 settles on the surface of the lower choke plate 330 and doesnot fall through the holes 350 in the lower choke plate 330. As aresult, the combined choke plates provide support for the powder 360,allowing the powder 360 to be uniformly spread over the build surface300 as required for 3D printing.

Once a 3D object has been printed, the valve 600 can be opened and thevacuum source 150 turned on. This creates a negative pressure below thelower choke plate 330. This negative pressure will create a sufficientsuction to fluidize the powder 360 and force it to flow through theholes 350 in the upper choke plate 320, through the vertical gap 340,and out through the holes 350 in the lower choke plate 330. As a result,the powder can be quickly removed from the build chamber 110 andreturned to the dispensing hopper 400 to be reused. To enhance thepowder removal function, an optional cover 312 can be used. The cover312 can be placed on or over the build chamber 110 after printing iscomplete. The cover 312 isolates an internal volume 316 of the buildchamber 110 from the surrounding environment. A seal 314 can be disposedbetween the cover 312 and chamber 110 to reduce or eliminate air leaks.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the lower choke plate 330may be movable horizontally with respect to the upper choke plate 320 toallow the holes to be moved from an offset to an aligned configuration,thus increasing the flow of powder through the choke plates duringdepowdering. In this embodiment, a vertical gap may not be requiredbetween the upper choke plate and lower choke plate, as the powder wouldbe free to flow through the holes in the two plates when they arealigned, regardless of whether there was a vertical gap or not. A motor,or other appropriate actuation method, may be used to move one of theplates, or both of the plates, from the offset (i.e. non-aligned)configuration to the aligned configuration.

In certain embodiments of the invention, choke plates with differentsized holes, or with different configurations of holes, can be provideddepending upon the specific powder being used. Alternatively, the buildsurface 300 can be designed such that a single pair of choke plates areable to support the powder regardless of the specific powder being used.In a further embodiment, the build surface 300 includes a vibrationmechanism 335, so that one or more choke plates may be vibrated toassist in the removal of powder from the build chamber. Additionally oralternatively, the entire assembly (i.e., plenum 310, choke plates 320,330, etc.) can be vibrated to assist in powder removal. In oneembodiment, the vibration mechanism 335 is a small DC motor with aneccentric load disposed on its shaft, the unbalanced load imparting avibration on the chamber 110.

One embodiment of the invention includes a means of dispensing thepowder from the dispensing hopper 400 once it has been pneumaticallyconveyed there. When applying powder for use in 3D printing, it isgenerally advantageous for the powder to be dispensed in a line oflength approximately equal to the width of the build piston. There are anumber of means of dispensing powder at a point, but these areinefficient of vertical space (because the storage hopper tapers to apoint, like a cone) and they would require an additional mechanism tospread the powder along the length of the spread roller before thespread roller could spread the powder across the build piston. Thedispenser also needs to dispense the powder uniformly along the lengthof the spread roller so that all areas of the build piston are fullycovered without an excess amount of powder being dumped into theoverflow. The amount of powder dispensed also needs to be repeatable sothat substantially the same amount is dispensed for each layer. Ingeneral, it is also desirable that the dispensing means not shear thepowder as this may change the characteristics of the powder by furthermixing the ingredients. Many 3D printing powders can be damaged, orreduced in effectiveness, by high shear.

It is also desirable that the means of dispensing powder will work withpowders having a wide variety of flow characteristics and packingdensities. The dispensing system must further work over a wide range ofpowder moisture content and must not clog with powder or change thevolume of powder dispensed, regardless of environmental conditions,powder type, powder condition, or duration of use.

One means of dispensing the powder from the dispensing hopper in themanner required above is shown in FIGS. 4A to 4D. FIG. 4A shows thedispensing hopper 400 for use in 3D printing. In this embodiment, thebottom 402 of the dispensing hopper 400 is substantially the shape of ahalf cylinder, with the bottom of the half cylinder having a slot 410through which the powder can be dispensed. The geometry of thedispensing hopper 400 above the cylindrical portion may be shaped in anymanner that meets the volume and geometry requirements of the 3D printerand the powder handling system 100. The width of the slot 410 may bemanufactured such that the powder, or powders, of interest will not flowfreely out of the slot 410, but will rather “bridge” the slot 410 suchthat a force must be applied to the powder to push it through.

In one embodiment of the invention, one or more blades 420 can bemounted to a shaft 430 co-linear with the centerline of the halfcylinder-shaped bottom portion of the dispensing hopper 400. In thisembodiment, the powder may be dispensed through the slot 410 by arotation of the shaft 430 and accompanying blade(s) 420. As the blade420 is rotated, it enters the half cylinder-shaped bottom portion of thedispensing hopper 400 from above and begins to push powder out the slot410. Powder continues to exit the slot 410 until the blade 420 passesthe slot 410 and begins to move up the half cylinder-shaped wall on theother side, at which time no more powder is released until the nextblade 420 approaches the slot 410. Powder flow will also stop when theshaft 430 is not rotating and the blade 420, or blades, are not inmotion. In FIG. 4A, the blade assembly 470 incorporates two blades 420,spaced 180® apart around the shaft 430. The shape of the blades 420 andslot 410 depicted are generally elongated, rectangular shapes; however,the size and shape of the blades 420 and slot 410 can vary to suit aparticular application. The shaft 430 and blades can be driven by, forexample, 1/20 HP motor and gear box.

The width of the slot 410 can affect the amount of powder that flowsfrom the dispensing hopper 400 and can determine whether powder willfree flow when the dispenser apparatus is stationary. The slot 410 canbe continuous or interrupted, depending upon the requirements of the 3Dprinter system. In some embodiments of the invention it may be easier tocontrol width tolerances by using an interrupted slot. In oneembodiment, the slot 410 at the bottom of the dispensing hopper may infact comprise a linear pattern of short slots 440, such as is shown inFIG. 4B. In this embodiment, the slotted portion comprises a separateslot plate 450 that can be attached to the dispensing hopper 400 usingreleasable mounting hardware 460. As a result, slots of differing widthsand configurations can be utilized for different powders or print runs,depending upon the specific requirements of the system. In embodimentswith multiple short slot configurations, discrete piles of powder willform under each of the short slots of the dispensing system. Thesediscrete piles will flow into one continuous bead of powder when thespreader roller moves the powder toward the build chamber 110.

In certain embodiments, it may be possible to alter the distribution ofthe powder by having a non-uniform slot width. For example, more powdercan be dispensed at the ends of the slot plate 450 by making the slotwider at the ends. This may be used to compensate for powder that flowsaround the edges of the powder spreader and falls outside the buildchamber 110 during spreading. It can also be used to compensate forboundary effects due to the powder or the dispensing mechanisminteracting with the end walls of the dispensing hopper 400. Varying theslot pattern may also be used to adjust the amount of powder dispensedin regions where stiffeners are added to the blade assembly 470 toprevent deflection.

A blade assembly 470 can be created by mounting one or more blades 420to the shaft 430. A blade assembly 470 incorporating a stiffening member480 is shown in FIG. 4C. In this embodiment, the system of blades 420and the distance between the blades 420 and the half cylinder-shapedportion of the dispensing hopper 400 wall have a large effect on theamount of powder dispensed, and the shear force applied to the powderduring operation. For very small clearances between the wall and theblade 420, the shear force may be relatively high and result in arelatively high amount of powder being dispensed. For larger clearances,the shear force may be lower, as would be the amount of powderdispensed.

This relationship means that the radial tolerances of the blade assembly470 have a strong effect on the amount of powder dispensed. If theblades 420 are long and thin they can deflect inwards at their middlesection, and the amount of powder dispensed near that middle sectionwould therefore be less than the amount dispensed at the ends of theblades 420. Even with no deflection, manufacturing tolerances can affectthe repeatability of output from blade to blade. To counteractdeflection of the blades, one or more stiffening members 480 can beincorporated into the blade assembly 470. However, although a stiffeningmember 480 will reduce the deflection of the blades 420, the presence ofthe stiffening member may disturb the powder and change the amount ofpowder dispensed in the region of the slot near the stiffening member480. Again, this effect can be compensated for by varying the width ofthe slot in that region.

One way to deal with this variation is to design the system so that theblade assembly 470 rotates an integer number (“n”) of full rotations inorder to dispense a layer worth of powder. Rotating the blade assembly470 an integer number of times may also compensate for minor differencesin the shape, angle, and stiffness of each blade, which may result in aslightly different amount of powder being dispensed by each individualblade. By having each blade pass the slot 410 the same amount of timesto dispense a layer worth of powder, this variation in powder dispensedwith angular rotation (“theta variability”, where theta represents anangle though which the blade assembly 470 rotates) can be eliminated.The blade assembly 470 shown in FIG. 4A, which incorporates two blades420 spaced 180° apart around the shaft 430, will only dispense powderduring two of four 90° segments of a full rotation. During the other two90° degree segments no powder is dispensed. For this system, either thelocation of the blades 420 must be known or the system must be turned aninteger number of full rotations.

In an alternative embodiment to rotating the blade assembly 470 a fixednumber of rotations, the blade assembly 470 can be rotated a fixedangular distance (X°) and then back the same distance. This arrangementprovides for the same blade and slot arrangement being used each time,thereby eliminating the variability of different blades.

A system with four blades 420 may be more rotationally independent, inthat one blade 420 is always in the “active region,” which causes powderto be dispensed from the slot of the dispensing hopper 400 (i.e. in theportion of the half cylinder-shaped region of the dispensing hopper 400“upstream” of the slot). An example blade assembly 470, with four blades420 spaced 90° degrees apart around a shaft, is shown in FIG. 4C. Inthis embodiment, the amount of powder dispensed may vary somewhatdepending upon the location of a blade within the “active region” of thedispensing hopper 400. To eliminate this remaining dependency onposition, it may be necessary to increase the number of blades or sizeof the slots further.

In an alternative embodiment, a greater or lesser number of blades 420may be incorporated into the blade assembly, depending upon the specificrequirements of the 3D printer. By increasing the number of blades 420,the frequency of dispensing of powder from the dispensing hopper 400 maybe increased. The frequency that powder is dispensed may also becontrolled by varying the rotational speed of the shaft 430 and bladeassembly 470. In a further alternative embodiment, the shape and pitchof one or more blades may be changed to vary the amount of powder thatis dispensed by every passing of a blade.

The rotation of the shaft 430 and blade assembly 470 can be controlledby a motor and gear assembly, or other appropriate means, mounted to thedispensing hopper 400. In one embodiment, this motor and gear assemblymay be controlled by the operator, or be connected to the operatingsystem of the 3D printer for automatic activation. As a result, themotor can be turned on and off, and the speed of rotation controlled, inresponse to user and/or printer control system commands.

In one embodiment of the invention, the width of the slot, or slots, maybe able to be varied to increase or decrease the amount of powder beingdispensed at one time. The slot may further be closed completely to stopany powder being dispensed. In one example, the slot may automaticallyclose between print runs to stop any powder accidentally falling out andto stop any moisture or other contaminants for entering the dispensinghopper 400. Control of the slot may be achieved manually or by a motoror other appropriate mechanism. The positioning of the slot may, in oneembodiment, be controlled by the 3D printer control system. Additionallyor alternatively, a cover 412 could be used to close the slots duringprinting or between print jobs. The cover 412 can be manually positionedand secured in place by, for example, removable fasteners.Alternatively, the cover 412 could be mounted on a track and slidablypositioned relative to the slot 410.

The assembly shown in FIG. 4D behaves like a large number of individualblades and decreases the variation due to theta position. In thisembodiment, the blade assembly 490 consists of a cylinder with multipleblades 420 and gaps 425 on its circumferential surface. In thisembodiment, the cylinder would provide greater hoop strength anddeflection resistance, while the large number of blades would providefor a large powder moving capability. In operation, the cylinder bladeassembly 490 would dispense powder consistently while it rotates, andwould therefore need to be turned on and off at regular intervals toallow the powder to be dispensed discretely as required. The cylinderblade assembly 490 can be mounted to a shaft 430 through holes 495 inthe side walls of the cylinder. The shaft can in turn be mounted to amotor, or other appropriate means, to control the rotation of thecylinder blade assembly 490 as required.

Generally, the hopper 400 and associated components can be manufacturedfrom metal and/or polymeric materials. For example, the slot plate 450and the blades 420 can be stainless steel and the hopper body can be astructural foamed material, such as, for example, polyphenylene oxide.The various components can be manufactured from conventionalmanufacturing techniques, such as, for example, injection molding,extrusion, stamping, cutting, forming, and welding.

In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of powder dispensed maybe dependent on the bulk density of the powder. After the dispensinghopper 400 is filled by pneumatic conveying of powder through the powderhandling system 100, the bulk density may be lower due to aeration ofthe powder. This is similar to the lowering of the bulk density of apowder after it has just been poured out of a container. Under theseconditions a larger amount of powder may be dispensed for a fewrotations of the blade assembly 470. The motion of the blade assembly470 through the powder has the effect of locally packing the powder to aconsistent density. After a number of rotations of the blade assembly470, the powder quickly reaches a steady state bulk density andthereafter the amount dispensed will be very consistent.

To avoid this problem during operation, before a print run or afteradditional powder has been added to the dispensing hopper 400, the slotmay be closed off and the blade assembly 470 turned several times priorto a print run in order to achieve a steady state bulk density prior tooperation. In this embodiment, no powder would be dispensed until thebulk density of the powder reaches its steady state, after which theslot could be opened and normal operation resumed.

In one embodiment of the invention, a diffuser and filter system 500 canbe mounted onto the dispensing hopper 400 to provide the powder handlingsystem 100 with a pneumatic means of drawing powder into the dispensinghopper 400 from one or more remote locations. In this embodiment, powdermay be entrained into the dispensing hopper 400 through an inlet port510 on the side of the dispensing hopper 400. The air and powderentering through the port 510 may be passed through a diffuser 520 toreduce the velocity of the air and powder entering the dispensing hopper400 to minimize damage to the filter system and hopper 400, and minimizethe disturbance to the packed powder in the hopper 400.

The filter assembly 500 can be mounted on top of the dispensing hopper400 via a frame 505, with an air path through a filter 530 leading tothe vacuum source 150, which provides the negative pressure in thepowder handling system 100. The filter 530 prevents any powder fromleaving the dispensing hopper 400 and passing through the vacuum source150 and out into the atmosphere.

The air entering the dispensing hopper 400 may be traveling at highvelocity. Many powders used for 3D printing are highly abrasive. If highvelocity air with entrained abrasive powder impinges on the filter 530it may erode the filter media. In one embodiment of the invention a HEPAfilter (‘High Efficiency Particulate Air’ Filter) may be utilized. ManyHEPA filters have an expanded PTFE (Polytetrafluorethylene) membrane asan outer layer, for example, Tetratex® 6277 available from the DonaldsonCompany, Inc. This may increase the efficiency of the filter, especiallyin the micron and sub micron range, and makes it easier to clean, butthe PTFE layer is soft and prone to damage. Some powders used in 3Dprinting may pack very densely so that the packed mass is not very airpermeable. When these types of powders are vacuumed into the dispensinghopper 400 they can form a cake on the filter, increasing the pressuredrop across the filter and decreasing the pressure differentialavailable to convey powder. In practice, it has been found that a minuteor two is sufficient to build a cake on the filter that preventsadditional powder from being conveyed into the feeder.

The problem of filter abrasion due to impinging air entrained powder canbe solved by causing the air entering the dispensing hopper 400 to passthrough a baffle or diffuser 520 (see FIGS. 5F and 5G) that has theeffect of slowing the air and increasing the volume over which thepowder and air enter the remainder of the dispensing hopper 400. Oneembodiment of a diffuser 520 placed in a dispensing hopper 400 is shownin FIG. 5A. In this embodiment, the diffuser 520 consists of a tubularbody with a large number of small holes 524 in the wall of the tube. Inone embodiment of the invention the tube material may be an abrasionresistant material, such as a hard metal, to minimize damage to thediffuser 520 during use.

Generally, the shape and orientation of the tube is such that powderfalling off the filter 530 will not accumulate on the top surface of thediffuser 520. In this embodiment, the top side 526 of the diffuser 520is wedge shaped, allowing any powder falling from the filter 530 toslide off the diffuser and fall into the lower portion of the dispensinghopper 400. The diffuser 520 may be manufactured from perforated sheetsteel (e.g., by folding), or any other appropriate material. In thisembodiment, perforations are only placed on the lower portion 522 of thediffuser 520, directing the incoming air and powder towards the lowerportion of the dispensing hopper 400. In alternative embodiments, theperforations may be placed on all sides of the diffuser 520, or only onthe top side 526 of the diffuser 520. The diffuser may be diamondshaped, cylindrical, wedge shaped, a combination of these shapes (e.g.wedge shaped on top and cylindrical on the bottom), or any otherappropriate shape. In a further alternative embodiment, the diffuser maybe an inverted V shape, allowing the powder to fall freely towards thelower portion of the dispensing hopper 400 while preventing it fromdirectly impinging upon the filter 530.

In one embodiment of the invention, the problem of powder caking ontoand blocking the filter 530 can be solved by regularly cleaning thefilter 530. One skilled in the art will recognize that there are severalmethods of cleaning the filter when there is no pressure drop across it,such as when the vacuum source 150 is turned off. However, because thepowder cake may build up fast, it is desirable to be able to clean thefilter 530 while the vacuum source 150 is turned on, withoutsignificantly affecting the powder conveying function of the powderhandling system 100.

In one embodiment of the invention, the filter 530 can be segmented intotwo or more independent segments 531. An example of a segmented filter530, in this case with six separate segments 531, can be seen in FIG.5B. Here, the segmentation of the filter 530 may be accomplished bymolding an elastomer frame 535 over the filter media. The elastomer(e.g., silicone) can bond to the filter media, thus pneumaticallyisolating each segment. The elastomer can also serve as a gasket to sealeach filter segment to a matching plenum segment, allowing the air flowto each segment to be controlled individually. In this embodiment, thesegments 531 are arranged in a radial pattern, although in otherembodiments of the invention any arrangement of segments 531 may beenvisioned. The filter 530 shown in FIG. 5B is a pleated filter media,although a non-pleated media may also be used. In one embodiment the“dirty” side of the filter 530 may include an expanded PTFE membrane onthe filter media, although this is not necessary. It should be notedthat, if required, two or more filters may be used to filter the airleaving the dispensing hopper 400. In one embodiment, the filter 530connects to the frame 505 via interlocking structures 532, 534. Inaddition, a seal may be included between the filter 530 and frame 505 toprevent air from entering the hopper from around the filter assembly500.

By splitting the filter 530 into a number of separate segments 531, theairflow may be controlled through each segment. As a result, themajority of the segments can be set to filter the air flowing to thevacuum source 150, while one or more other segments 531 may be exposedto a reversed airflow, in order to remove powder from and, therefore,clean that filter segment. In this embodiment, a plenum placed over the“clean” side of the segmented filter 530 is also divided into separatesegments 533, with valves controlling the airflow through each segmentof the plenum separately. In one embodiment of the invention, the numberof segments is chosen so that the decrease in available filter area issmall enough not to significantly affect the performance of the powderhandling system 100 when one segment is being cleaned. The tradeoff to avery large number of segments is cost and the filter area lost to thematerial used to create a segment boundary.

In this embodiment, air can continue to flow from the dispensing hopper400 through a number of the segments of the filter 530 and onwardsthrough the plenum to the vacuum source 150. Valves in the plenum mayisolate one or more filter segments from the airflow, and instead exposethe “clean” side of the filter to higher pressure air, such as from theatmosphere or other pressure source. This higher pressure air may be atthe ambient pressure of the surrounding atmosphere, or be at anypositive pressure (i.e., any pressure greater than that within thepowder handling system 100). This positive/higher pressure may becreated by simply opening a valve to the atmosphere, or by opening avalve to a separate air flow source. As the higher pressure air will beat a greater pressure than the air within the dispensing hopper 400, theair flow will be reversed and will flow from the clean side to the dirtyside of the filter. Air flowing from the ambient air through the one ormore isolated segments 531 of the filter 530, from the clean side to thedirty side, will cause powder to drop off this segment, thus cleaningthe segment of the filter.

One example of a plenum placed over the “clean” side of a segmentedfilter 530 can be seen in FIG. 5C. In this embodiment the plenum 540 isdivided into six portions or segments 533, corresponding to the sixfilter segments 531 of the filter 530 shown in FIG. 5B. Ribs 550 dividethe plenum 540 into segments and seal the elastomeric segment boundariesbetween each portion of the filter 530. Each plenum segment 533 includesa valve assembly 560 that allows the plenum segment to be opened toeither the air path from the vacuum source 150, or the higher pressureair in the surrounding environment. The plenum segments are opened tothe air path from the vacuum source 150 through a separate centralplenum 570 that is attached to an outlet port 580 leading to an airpath, such as an air hose, leading to the vacuum source 150. In oneembodiment, the plenum is manufactured from a structural foam, such asNoryl® FN215X, a polyphenylene ether and polystyrene blend, availablefrom the GE Company. The ribs 550 can be manufactured from apolyphenylene ether and polystyrene blend, such as Noryl® GFN1, alsoavailable from GE. The valve and its associated components can bemanufactured from acetal with reinforcement, such as 10% aramid fibersand 15% PTFE.

In one embodiment of the invention, the segments are radial so that thevalve assemblies 560 can be actuated by a rotary motion, which may beless expensive to implement than other possible systems. In thisembodiment, the valve assembly 560 includes two valves in each plenumsegment that are attached to the same valve stem and are actuatedsimultaneously by one mechanism. When the valve is opened to theenvironment and, therefore, closed to the central plenum 570 and outletport 580, the pressure difference between the environment and thedispensing hopper 400 will force the air to flow into the plenum,through the filter segment from the clean side to the dirty side, andthen back up through another filter segment connected to the vacuumsource 150.

When both valves are open, air can flow directly from the environment tothe vacuum source 150 without passing through the filter 530. This airpath becomes the lowest impedance path to the vacuum source 150. If thiswas to occur, the pressure and flow available to move powder would dropto nearly zero. One way to eliminate this possibility is to close onevalve before opening the other. In embodiments where the two valves area single part and/or where they are actuated simultaneously, it isimportant that the two valves in each segment not be open simultaneouslyfor any significant amount of time. It may, therefore, be necessary tocause the valves to change state very rapidly to avoid a drop indifferential pressure in the powder handling system 100.

One means of opening and closing the valves is shown in FIGS. 5D and 5E.In this embodiment, a spring cam 585 is mounted to a gear assembly 590that is coupled to a motor 575. In one embodiment, the motor is aPortescap™ #42M048C—N stepper motor available from Danaher Motion. Asthe motor 575 rotates the gear assembly 590, the cam 585 comes intocontact with each of the valve assemblies 560 in turn via the camfollowers 595. The cam 585 then actuates the valve assemblies 560 inturn, by switching them from one state to another (i.e., from open tothe central plenum 570 and closed to the environment to closed to thecentral plenum 570 and open to the environment, and vice versa). Oncethe cam 585 has passed the valve assembly the valve returns to itsoriginal state either through the force exerted by a valve spring or thepressure differential acting across the valve. In one embodiment, ribs597 to each plenum segment depress the spring cam 585 as it turns. In analternative embodiment, the plenum separating ribs 550 may be used toprovide the actuation of the spring cam 585. When the cam 585 is rotatedpast a rib 597 it falls off the rib 597 and rapidly returns to itsundeflected position. As it does, it contacts a cam follower 595 on thevalve and causes the valve to change state. As a result, the cam 585 andcam follower 595 open and close each valve as the motor 575 and gearassembly 590 drive the cam 585 in a circular motion around the plenum540. In an alternative embodiment, multiple cams 585 may be mounted onthe gear assembly 590 to allow more than one filter segment to becleaned at one time.

In a further alternative embodiment, each valve assembly 560 can haveits own actuation means, such that any individual valve can be opened orclosed at any time in response to a signal from a controller. In thisembodiment, the filter segments need not be closed and opened in aspecific sequence, but could rather be opened and closed for cleaning inany order or at any time. For example, a pressure sensor 562, or otherappropriate sensing means, could be included in each segment that couldsense when a particular portion of the filter 530 is becoming clogged. Afilter controller could then actuate the valves in that portion to cleanthat region of the filter 530 immediately.

In a further alternative embodiment, the valve and gear assemblies couldbe replaced with a rotating disc with holes or slots at set locations.As the disc turns, these holes could match up with holes or slots in theplenum, which open a segment of the plenum to either the atmosphere orthe central plenum 570 for a given period. By offsetting the holes, thedisc can be arranged to cover and seal one hole before the other isexposed, meaning that a given segment is never opened to both theatmosphere and vacuum source 150 at any one time.

One embodiment of the invention includes a valve to allow the source ofthe air flow in the powder handling system 100 to be changed. As aresult, powder can flow towards the dispensing hopper 400 from a numberof different sources, as required.

In one embodiment, the valve can consist of two plates that can berotated relative to each other. An example of a multi-port valve 600 canbe seen in FIGS. 6A and 6B. In this embodiment, a first plate 610 mayinclude a single port 620 that may be connected through an air hose tothe dispensing hopper 400 and vacuum source 150. A second plate 630 mayinclude multiple ports 640, allowing this plate to be coupled to anumber of different sources of powder, including, but not limited to, abuild chamber, an overflow chamber, a vent, a depowderer, and a powdercontainer. In an alternative embodiment, both the first plate 610 andthe second plate 630 may include multiple ports, allowing for multipleair flow passageways between different locations within the powderhandling system 100. In one embodiment, the valve components aremanufactured from a static dissipative acetal filled with 10% PTFE.

In one embodiment, the first plate 610 is coupled to a gear train 650and motor 660, allowing the first plate to be rotated with respect tothe stationary second plate 630. The first plate 610 can have gear teethformed along its outer circumference for engaging the gear train 650.The motor 660 can also be the aforementioned Portescap™ motor. Byrotating the first plate 610 with respect to the second plate 630, theport 620 may be lined up with any of the ports 640 on the second plate630. As a result, the air flow can be towards the vacuum source 150 fromany of the sources of powder, allowing powder to be drawn into thedispensing hopper 400 from any location, as required by the 3D printer.

One advantage of the system is that the use of the vacuum source 150means that the seal between the two plates need not be perfect. As thepowder stream is at a negative pressure relative to the atmospherearound the valve 600, then powder will not leak from a less than perfectseal between the two plates. This can allow a lower spring force and asmaller motor to overcome the friction of the seal.

In an alternative embodiment, the second plate 630 may be rotatable withthe first plate 610 stationary, or both plates may be rotatable. Therotation of the plates with respect to each other may be accomplished byany appropriate means. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, thestepper motor 660 and gear train 650 are positioned on the periphery ofthe moving plate. In this embodiment, tabs 670 limit and control therotation of the moving first plate 610 with respect to the stationarysecond plate 630. This may allow the system to be re-zeroed at any time,by rotating the first plate 610 until a stop is reached. The tabs mayalso be used to limit the motion of the plates to one rotation or less,to avoid any possible twisting of the hose, or hoses, due to multiplerotations. In addition, virtual stops programmed into the motorcontroller, or stops in the motor 660 itself, may be used to limit therotation of the plates with respect to each other.

The two plates may be held together by a centrally located springedshoulder screw 680 and nut 684. This allows rotary motion while stillproviding a normal force (via spring 682) to seal the two platestogether. A raised boss 686 around each port on the stationary plate canproduce a seal with the moving plate by concentrating the pressure dueto the spring force from the shoulder screw in a limited area. Any otherappropriate means of holding the plates together, either centrally or attheir edges, may also be utilized.

In one embodiment of the invention, the moving first plate 610 may berotated to line up with a solid area of the stationary second plate 630,allowing the air flow to be terminated, if required. It should be notedthat the direction of flow is not important to the valve and the vacuumsource may be plumbed to either the moving or stationary plate.Furthermore, in certain embodiments, an air mover may be placed upstreamof the valve in a pressurized system.

Another challenge of 3D printing is keeping the print heads clean duringand between print runs, while also keeping the binder fluid from dryingor gelling in the print head nozzles when the 3D printer is idle. Driedor gelled binder can clog the nozzles and prevent the print head fromfiring properly. The second problem is addressed by bringing the printheads into contact with caps at the end of a print job and leaving themcapped while the printer is idle. The caps are designed to eliminate airflow around the nozzles and therefore slow the rate of drying of thebinder.

Unfortunately, in existing 3D printers, the first problem is oftenexacerbated by the solution to the second problem. During printing, dustis stirred up by the action of spreading powder and printing with it.Some of this dust will settle on the caps. Thus, when the print head iscapped the dust that has settled on the caps can contaminate the faceand the nozzle plate of the print head.

In one embodiment of the invention, the problem of getting dust on thecaps is alleviated by storing the caps in a vertical position when theyare not in use. Thus, the working surfaces of the caps are partiallyprotected from dust, as the vertically aligned caps will be less proneto being covered by dust. One embodiment of this invention can be seenin FIGS. 7A to 7D. This cap assembly 700 includes a base 710 and a capsupport 720, with a pair of linkage arms 730 coupling them about pivotpoints 740. The print head cap 750, or caps, is mounted on the capsupport 720 and is, therefore, able to move from a vertically alignedstorage position, as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, to a horizontally alignedcapping position, as shown in FIGS. 7C and 7D. A spring 755, connectingthe pair of linkage arms 730, biases the cap assembly 700 in itsvertically aligned storage position. The various components of thecapping station can be manufactured from acetal filled with 15% PTFE and10% aramid fibers, for example.

In operation, when the print head 760 is to be capped, the print headcarriage will move to the cap assembly 700 and engage an actuator tab765 on the cap support 720. The tab 765 may be contacted by either theprint head 760 or the carriage. As the print head carriage moveshorizontally, it forces the cap support 720 to pivot about the pivotpoint 740 and move from its vertically aligned storage position to itshorizontally aligned capping position. As the cap assembly 700approaches its capping position, the caps 750 will abut the print head760, or print heads, and provide a seal for the print heads 760, thuseliminating the air flow around the nozzles and, therefore, slowing therate of drying of the binder.

When the print head 760 is ready for use, the carriage will movehorizontally away from the cap assembly 700, releasing the pressure onthe actuator tabs 765, and allowing the cap assembly 700 to return toits vertically aligned storage position. The spring 755 provides arestoring force that biases the cap assembly 700 in its verticallyaligned storage position when not engaged by the print head carriage. Asa result, the cap assembly 700 is only positioned in the horizontallyaligned capping position when the print head and/or carriage has engagedthe actuator tabs 765 and the print head is in contact with the cap 750.

In this embodiment, a four bar linkage is used to move the print headcaps between a horizontal orientation (when capping the print heads) anda vertical orientation (for storage). It should be noted that the fourbar linkage is only one means of moving the caps between the verticaland horizontal orientations, with any other appropriate means ofoperation also envisioned. The cap assembly 700 moves from a verticalalignment to a horizontal alignment upon engagement by a print headand/or carriage, and then returns to a vertical alignment upon release.In an alternative embodiment, any appropriate mechanical and/orhydraulic means, including, but not limited to, gear assemblies,springs, pivot arms, flexible members, and/or pistons, may also be usedto provide the appropriate pivoting motion and restoring force to thecap assembly 700. In a further alternative embodiment, the restoringforce is provided by the print head carriage, as it moves away from thecap assembly 700, so no restoring spring force is required within thecap assembly 700 itself.

Another problem with inkjet printers is that when the print head iscapped the design of the cap can cause a pressure spike at the nozzle.This pressure spike may cause the print head to ingest air and causede-priming of the nozzles or shorten the life of the print heads. Astandard solution to this problem in paper printers is to create a venthole in the cap to prevent the pressure spike. However, in 3D printingthis vent hole may become another avenue for contamination by thepowder.

One embodiment of the invention includes a print head cap that does notrequire a vent hole. Instead, the cap incorporates a large amount ofvertical compliance, thus providing a complete seal, without an avenuefor powder contamination, while avoiding the problem of possiblepressure spikes during capping. An example of this embodiment, alongwith an example of a standard cap including a vent hole, can be seen inFIGS. 7E and 7F.

In this embodiment, the print head cap 750 includes one or more sealingsurface 770 (in this case two sealing surfaces) mounted on a mountingplate 775. Compliance is provided by the cap material and the geometryof the mounting plate 775, providing a spring type mount for the sealingsurface 770. A standard cap 780 with a vent hole 785 is shown beside thecompliant print head cap 750 for comparison.

In one embodiment of the invention, the sealing surface 770 and/ormounting plate 775 of the compliant cap 750 is formed from a rubber,foam or other appropriate compliant material, for example, silicone witha 30 Shore A hardness. In an alternative embodiment, compliance can beprovided by mounting the cap on a spring arrangement, providing the capwith a certain amount of “give” when abutted by the print head. In afurther alternative embodiment, the cap can include both a compliantmaterial and a spring mounting.

3D printers generate liquid waste during normal operation. There may beup to three sources of this waste depending on the design of the 3Dprinter. Some 3D printers use off the shelf thermal inkjet printheadsthat include a small quantity of ink. When a new printhead is installed,the printhead is fired into the printer's waste collector unit 800 untilthe ink has been replaced with binder. Many 3D printers fire theprinthead into the waste collector unit 800 while printing, andoccasionally when idle, as part of the process of keeping the printheadclean and operating properly. Some 3D printers may also have a washfluid which is used to clean the printhead or wipers that clean theprinthead. All of these fluids (e.g., ink, binder, and wash fluid) makeup the liquid waste stream of the 3D printer. The waste is mostly water,but also includes volatile and non-volatile components which may includesurfactants, humectants, colorants, preservatives, and otheringredients. Current practice is to channel all of this liquid into acontainer, bottle or jug, which the user has to empty from time to time.

In one embodiment of the invention, the liquid waste may be channeledinto a reservoir where it can be turned into a solid. Here, the liquidmay be absorbed with an absorbent medium while letting the volatilecomponents (mostly water) evaporate. As a result, there is no need for auser to regularly empty a liquid container. Instead, the water isevaporated away and the remaining waste is stored as a solid and needonly be removed very infrequently. Example waste collector units 800 areshown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8A, waste liquid enters a reservoir 810through an inlet port 820. The waste liquid is then absorbed by anabsorptive medium 830 placed in the bottom of the reservoir 810. In oneembodiment, the reservoir is a DPA24 drip pan available from SorbentProducts Company. The absorptive medium can be a hydrogel material madeof a hydrophilic polymer and a fibrous material. Examples of hydrophilicpolymers include sodium acrylate, potassium acrylate, or an alkylacrylate and the fibrous material can include wood pulp.

Air may then be blown from a fan 840 into the reservoir 810, and exitthe reservoir through an outlet vent 850. As the air travels through thereservoir 810, it passes across the top of the absorptive medium 830 andhelps increase the rate of evaporation of the liquid waste. Theevaporated liquid (mainly water vapor) may then leave the reservoirthrough the outlet vent 850, leaving only the solid waste matter in theabsorptive medium 830. In one embodiment, this air may be warm tofurther increase the rate of evaporation. In another possibleembodiment, the air may be the exhaust from the vacuum source 150 of thepowder handling system 100. In this embodiment, the air may be warm dueto the work done on it by the vacuum source 150. Here, the air flow iscreated automatically as a free by-product of the action of the blower.In a further alternative embodiment, an absorptive medium 830 may not berequired, with the solid waste free to collect loosely in the bottom ofthe reservoir 810 as the water evaporates.

In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8B, air is blown at anabsorptive medium 830 placed across the central portion of the reservoir810 to increase the rate of evaporation. Here, the air will pass throughthe absorptive medium 830, evaporating any liquid waste, and exitthrough the outlet vent 850, leaving only the solid waste held withinthe absorptive medium 830.

The above mentioned embodiments have several advantages. The frequencyof emptying the reservoir is vastly reduced, because only thenon-volatile components of the waste stream remain in the reservoir. Inaddition, the reservoir, absorbent, and non-volatile waste, can bedisposed of as solid waste, for which the environmental regulations aredifferent. It is also much less messy to dispose of a solid than aliquid.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the liquid can beabsorbed with an absorptive medium, with the user thereafter disposingof the reservoir, absorbent, and absorbed liquid as one. In this method,some evaporation may take place, but less completely than in the firstmethod. The advantage of this method is principally that the waste isconverted from liquid to solid for ease of disposal. In a furtheralternative embodiment, the liquid waste may be channeled to a reservoircontaining a reactive ingredient that reacts with some of the componentsin the waste stream to create a solid or a gel. In this method too, theprincipal advantage is that the waste is converted to a solid.

3D printers, such as those disclosed in the previously mentioned patentsand patent applications, the disclosures of which are incorporatedhereby in their entirety, often use pogo pins (sprung electricalconnectors) to make power, ground, and signal connections to theprintheads. These pogo pins are used because they may last longer thanthe high pressure low force (HPLF) flex circuits that are often used tomake connections to printheads used in paper printers. These pogo pinsare usually soldered to a through hole PC board. A spacer, made ofinsulating material, is placed between the PC board and the tip of thepin to provide support against bending or buckling of the pin.

This arrangement has several problems. The arrangement provides a numberof paths for contamination to enter the pin and cause binding andsticking. The pins are hollow, so contaminants, which are plentiful andomnipresent in 3D printing, can enter from the back side of the PC boardthrough the hollow core of the pin. Contaminants can also lodge in thespace between the pin and the spacer and either enter the pin or simplyincrease friction between the pin and the spacer enough to causesticking. The further problem is that the through hole design puts alower limit on the pitch between pins that is substantially higher thanthe limit for an HPLF design. This may make it harder to useoff-the-shelf printheads that have connector spacing based on HPLFconnectors. The through hole requires a hole that is a slip-fit for thepogo pin plus plating. This area is, therefore, not available for otherpogo pins or to signal line routing on any layer of the PC board.

One embodiment of the invention includes a method for mounting the pinsin the spacer so that the pins can be surface mounted to a PC board. Inthis embodiment, pins are placed in stepped holes in the spacer, andthen pressed in. An example of this embodiment is shown in FIGS. 9A to9C. In this embodiment, pogo pins 910 are pressed into stepped holes 920in a spacer 930 until they extend slightly beyond the lower wall 940 ofthe spacer. Locating pins 950 in the spacer 930 are inserted intocorresponding holes 955 in the PC board 960. The stepped holes 920 havea wider diameter at the outer surface of the spacer 930 (i.e. thesurface away from the PC board 960) and a smaller diameter at thesurface of the spacer 930 nearest the PC board 960. This positions thepogo pins 910 in proximity to solder pads 970 on the PC board 960 towhich solder paste has been applied. The solder may be melted in aconventional surface mount oven, permanently affixing the pogo pins 910to the PC board 960.

In addition, a means of sealing the spacer to the PC board, and the pinsto the spacer, is provided. Here, sealant, such as RTV (room temperaturevulcanization) sealant, can then be injected into the space between thespacer and the PC board through a sealant hole 980. This sealant canflow between each of the pins and out through a sealant exit hole or gap990 between the spacer 930 and the PC board 960. Alternatively, a gasketmay be placed between the spacer 930 and the PC board 960. As a result,the sealant and the PC board 960 seal two of the contaminant paths thatwere present in previous designs. This can reduce the size of theelectrical connections and allow for the use of off-the-shelf printheadsthat have connector spacing based on HPLF connectors.

As this method eliminates through holes for the pogo pins 910, which arelarger than the pin diameter, and replaces them with solder pads 970,which are smaller, the minimum pitch of the pins is reduced. This allowstighter spacing of the pogo pins 910. As the solder pad is on only onelayer of the PC board 960, it is possible to route signal lines, orpower lines, closer to the pin center line on other layers than would bepossible in a through-hole design.

The specific configurations of the spacers 930 and PC board 960 willvary to suit a particular application. In one embodiment, the spacer 930can be manufactured from a liquid crystal polymer, such as, for example,Vectra® A130 available from Ticona. The PC board 960 can be customizedfor the specific application with a FR4 blank from JJ Orly, Inc. Thepogo pin 910 can be a battery interconnect probe #BIP-1 as availablefrom Everett Charles Technologies. The sealant can be a siliconeelastomer, such as RTV coating #3140 available from the Dow CorningCompany.

In addition to the materials described hereinabove, the variouscomponents can also be manufactured from other suitable polymericmaterial or combination of polymeric materials, either with or withoutreinforcement. Suitable materials include: polyurethanes, such as TPU;EVA; thermoplastic polyether block amides, such as the Pebax® brand soldby Elf Atochem; thermoplastic polyester elastomers, such as the Hytrel®brand sold by DuPont; polyamides, such as nylon 12, which may include 10to 30 percent or more glass fiber reinforcement; silicones;polyethylenes; and equivalent materials. Reinforcement, if used, may beby inclusion of glass or carbon graphite fibers or para-aramid fibers,such as the Kevlar® brand sold by DuPont, or other similar method. Also,the polymeric materials may be used in combination with other materials,for example rubber or metal alloys. Additional materials include carbonsteel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Other suitable materials will beapparent to those skilled in the art.

Generally, the shapes and sizes of the components described herein willvary to suit their particular application, for example, printer size,output, and materials used. The various assemblies can include suitablemotors, drive transmission components, sensors, and controllers tocoordinate the operation thereof, as will be apparent to those skilledin the art. System diagnostics, sensor-based fault detection, feedbackcontrol, and other troubleshooting tools consistent with robustproduction manufacturing systems may also be advantageously employed toensure high quality process yields and minimal downtime.

The polymer components can be manufactured by, for example, injectionmolding or extrusion. Extrusion processes may be used to provide auniform shape. Insert molding can then be used to provide the desiredgeometry of the open spaces, or the open spaces could be created in thedesired locations by a subsequent machining operation. Othermanufacturing techniques include melting or bonding portions together.The metal components can be manufactured by conventional machining andforming processes, as known to those of skill in the art.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingform the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoingembodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respectsillustrative rather than limiting the invention described herein. Scopeof the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims, rather thanby the foregoing description, and all changes that come within themeaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to beembraced therein.

1. A container for holding powder for a three-dimensional printer, thecontainer comprising: a receptacle defining an interior volume adaptedfor holding a powder for producing three-dimensional objects; a covercoupled to the receptacle and at least partially enclosing the interiorvolume of the receptacle, the cover defining an outlet in fluidiccommunication with the interior volume, the outlet adapted to be coupledto a vacuum source of the three-dimensional printer; and at least oneinlet in communication with the interior volume and adapted for passingair into the interior volume, the inlet at least partially defined by atleast one of the receptacle and the cover.
 2. The container of claim 1,wherein the air passing through the inlet assists the movement of thepowder through the outlet.
 3. The container of claim 1, wherein theinlet comprises an annular slot.
 4. The container of claim 1, whereinthe internal volume has a generally conical shape.
 5. The container ofclaim 1, wherein the internal volume has a generally ellipticalcross-sectional shape.
 6. The container of claim 1, wherein the outletcomprises a tubular member extending downwardly from the cover toproximate a bottom region of the internal volume.
 7. The container ofclaim 1, wherein the outlet comprises a fitting configured to mate witha hose.
 8. The container of claim 1 further comprising a housingdisposed about the receptacle and configured for stacking with othercontainers.
 9. A printhead capping station for use in athree-dimensional printer, the capping station comprising: a printheadcap carrier; and at least one printhead cap disposed on the carrier forsealing a printhead face of a printhead, wherein the carrier maintainsthe cap in a vertical position relative to the printhead face and thecap is moved between an off position and a capped position by at leastone of the printhead and a printhead carriage contacting the carrier.10. The capping station of claim 9 comprising a plurality of capsdisposed on the carrier.
 11. The capping station of claim 9, wherein thecarrier comprises: a fixed support; a movable support; and an actuatortab for contacting at least one of the printhead and the printheadcarriage, wherein forward movement of at least one of the printhead andthe printhead carriage into contact with the actuator tab causes themovable support to pivot relative to the fixed support, therebyorienting the cap into a horizontal position relative to the printheadface.
 12. The capping station of claim 11, wherein continued movement ofat least one of the printhead and the printhead carriage causes the capto seal against the printhead face.
 13. The capping station of claim 12further comprising a stop adapted for preventing continued forwardmovement of the printhead once capped.
 14. The capping station of claim9, wherein the printhead cap comprises a compliant material that canexpand and contract in response to a change in pressure when capping theprinthead face.
 15. The capping station of claim 9 further comprising afour-bar linkage for moving the cap between the vertical position and ahorizontal position.
 16. A waste handling system for a three-dimensionalprinter, the system comprising: a receptacle for receiving printheaddischarge material; a holding receptacle in communication with thereceiving receptacle, the holding receptacle comprising an absorptivemedium adapted to absorb at least a portion of the printhead dischargematerial; and a drain for channeling the printhead discharge material tothe holding receptacle, wherein at least a portion of the printheaddischarge material solidifies within the holding receptacle.
 17. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein the holding receptacle is adapted to promoteevaporation of at least a portion of the printhead discharge material.18. The system of claim 17, wherein the holding receptacle comprises anair transfer system for accelerating a rate of evaporation of the atleast a portion of the printhead discharge material.
 19. The system ofclaim 18, wherein the air transfer system uses waste heat from thethree-dimensional printer to accelerate the rate of evaporation.
 20. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein the absorptive medium is removably disposedwithin the holding receptacle.